광장동수학 -508-2.pdf. EQUITY INDICATOR 2: WHAT TYPE OF POSTSECONDARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION DO STUDENTS ATTEND? In 2015, among degree-seeking undergraduates who received a Federal Pell or other grants, 58 percent attended a 4-year institution and 42 percent attended a 2-year institution. Among undergraduates who did not receive a Federal grant, 76 percent attended a 4-year institution and 24 percent attended a 2-year institution. Among 2009 9th graders, those from the highest SES quintile were 8 times as likely to go to a “most” or “highly” selective college as students from the lowest SES quintile (33 percent and 4 percent, respectively). 54 2018 Equity Indicators Report • Federal Pell Grant Receipt. Eligibility for Pell Grants for both dependent and independent students is based on family income, family size, number of family members attending college, and other factors. Pell Grants are targeted to students from low-income families and independent students with low-incomes. In the 2016-17 award year, 7.1 million students received a Pell Grant at a total cost of $26.6 billion. This figure was down from a peak of 9.4 million in 2011-12 during the Great Recession.50 In 2018-19, the maximum Pell Grant award was $5,920. • Level and Control of Postsecondary Institutions. Indicator 2 reports differences in enrollment by Federal Grant receipt by institutional level (2-year versus 4-year institution) and control (public, private non-profit, and private for-profit). • High School Longitudinal Studies Data by Family Socioeconomic Status and Institutional Selectivity. The five NCES high school longitudinal studies include the National Longitudinal Study, representing the scheduled high school graduating class of 1972 (NLS); High School and Beyond Study, representing the scheduled high school graduating class of 1982 (HS&B); National Education Longitudinal Study, representing the scheduled high school graduating class of 1992 (NELS); Education Longitudinal Study, representing the scheduled high school graduating class of 2004 (ELS), and High School Longitudinal Study (HSLS) representing the scheduled high school graduating class of 2013. As discussed in Indicator 1, a socioeconomic status (SES) composite is included in each of the NCES high school longitudinal studies. The SES composite is based on data from the parent questionnaires or imputed from the student questionnaires and, for the five NCES longitudinal studies, are based on five equally weighted, standardized components. These components are: father’s/guardian’s education, mother’s/guardian’s education, family income, father’s/guardian’s occupational prestige score, and mother’s/guardian’s occupational prestige score. This Indicator uses data from a published study by Michael Bastedo and Ozan Jaquette and an analytic dataset constructed by merging the high school longitudinal data with the Barron’s Admissions Competitiveness Index.51 The Indicators report also includes data from the High School Longitudinal Study (HSLS) on selectivity of institutions attended for the 2013 graduating class. Due to differences in survey design and study methodology, we present this data in a separate chart rather than with the earlier four NCES studies.52 • Institutional Selectivity. Selectivity is measured using the Barron’s Admissions Competitiveness Index, which is based on such measures as percent of applicants admitted, students’ high school class rank, and students’ college entrance exam scores.53 NCES publishes Barron’s datasets corresponding to years in which students in the longitudinal studies typically first enrolled in a postsecondary institution. The competitiveness indices include “most competitive,” “highly competitive,” “very competitive,” “competitive,” and “less competitive.” We coded institutions not 50 U.S. Department of Education, Federal Pell Grant Program End-of-Year Report, 1981-82 through 2015-16; Federal Student Aid Data Center, Title IV Program Volume Reports and Aid Recipients Summary. 51 Figures are adapted from Bastedo, M. & Jaquette, O. (2011). Running in place: Low-income students
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