방화동수학 educational institution of any type. SOURCE: Calculated from October Current Population Survey File (Formerly Table 14 in Census Bureau’s School Enrollment Report), U.S. Census Bureau; School Enrollment Data, 1970-2016, as reported by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), compiled by Tom Mortenson. 34 2018 Equity Indicators Report Equity Indicator 1c(i): How Do Cohort College Participation Rates of High School Leavers Vary by Race/Ethnicity? Equity Indicator 1c(i) uses Current Population Survey (CPS) data to examine Cohort College Participation Rates for high school leavers (graduates and non-graduates) by race/ethnicity from 1976 to 2016. Categories used for race/ethnicity in government statistics have changed over time. Data for Asians are not available until 1998. For Indicator 1c(i), the race categories (White, Black, Asian) exclude those reported to be of Hispanic ethnic origin. Estimates by race/ethnicity also have relatively larger sampling errors than estimates for the total population due to smaller population and sample sizes. Estimates are also are impacted by changes in the age composition of the group and income distribution by race/ethnicity.35 The year to year fluctuations may be related to sampling error or differences in how respondents chose to classify themselves. Readers are cautioned against using the point estimates to indicate small changes within the data. Indicator 1c(i) shows that, in 2016, 78 percent of Asian and 66 percent of White high school leavers enrolled in college immediately after high school, compared with 59 percent of Hispanics and 51 percent of Blacks. In 1976, about 41 percent of White high school leavers continued onto college, compared with 33 percent of Blacks and 34 percent of Hispanics. Between 1976 and 2016, college participation rates were consistently higher for Asian and White high school leavers than for Black and Hispanic high school leavers. Since 1976, the gap in college participation between Whites and Blacks has not only persisted but widened. Equity Indicator 1c(ii): How Do Cohort College Participation Rates of High School Leavers by Race/Ethnicity Vary by Family Income Quartiles? Equity Indicator 1c(ii) displays data for 2016 by race/ethnicity, disaggregated by family income quartile. Because the data are disaggregated by both income quartile and race/ethnicity, the cautions noted above are even more important. The income quartiles are computed separately for the race/ethnicity groups and reflect the actual distribution among the various race/ethnicity groups. Indicator 1c(ii) shows that disaggregating by family income quartile reduces the differences by race/ethnicity observed in Indicator 1c(i). Asians (as a group, ignoring differences within this aggregated category) have less variation in cohort college participation rates by family income quartiles than other racial/ethnic groups. For Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites in the same income quartile, cohort participation rates are similar.36 For example, for those in the first (lowest) income quartile, cohort college participation rates were 42 percent for Blacks, 43 percent for Hispanics, and 46 percent for Whites. For those in the highest income quartile, the 2016 cohort college participation rate was 85 percent for Blacks, 81 percent for Hispanics and 79 percent for Whites. 35 Pfeffer, F. T. , Danziger, S., & Schoeni, R. (2013). Wealth disparities before and after the Great Recession. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 650 (1), 98–123. This paper reports that between 2007 and 2011, one-fourth of American families lost at least 75 percent of their wealth and more than half of all families lost at least 25 percent of their wealth. The analysis also shows that the large relative losses were disproportionally concentrated among lower income, less educated, and minority households. 36 Given sampling error due to smaller sample sizes, caution is needed in interpreting these results. Equity Indicator 1: Who Enrolls in Postsecondary Education? 35 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1970
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