마곡동수학 the maximum income for the lowest quartile ($37,564) was less than one-third (30 percent) of the minimum income level of the highest quartile ($124,019). Reflecting growing income inequality in the United States, the difference between the highest and lowest family income quartiles has increased since 1970.32 • Race/Ethnicity. We use the race and ethnicity categories and titles (for example, “Black,” “Black or African American”) in the charts and text as reported by each data source. As race/ethnicity categories have changed over time and vary by study, race/ethnicity categories and titles used in this report also vary based on the original data sources. The more recent studies use race and ethnicity variables that reflect federal requirements for collecting race separately from ethnicity and allow respondents to mark more than one choice for race. When the labeling for race/ethnicity has changed over time for the same data source, we report the current labels. See the notes to the figures for more detail. • Socioeconomic Status (SES) is measured using the socioeconomic status (SES) composite included in the NCES longitudinal studies. NCES created the SES composite based on data from the parent questionnaires or data imputed from the student questionnaires. For the five NCES longitudinal studies, SES was derived using five equally-weighted, standardized components: father’s/guardian’s 31 In the 2015 to 2017 editions of the Indicators report, we used the term Cohort College Continuation Rate. In the 2018 edition, we use Cohort College Participation Rate to avoid confusion with the High School Graduates College Continuation Rate. The former includes all members of a given age cohort whereas the latter includes only high school graduates. 32 See Appendix A for data on the upper limits of the lowest, second, and third quartiles based on the CPS data from 1970 to present. Equity Indicator 1: Who Enrolls in Postsecondary Education? 31 education, mother’s/guardian’s education, family income, father’s/guardian’s occupational prestige score, and mother’s/guardian’s occupational prestige score.33 Cautions and Limitations. This report relies on data compiled over long periods of time in an effort to observe trends. As noted throughout, data from sample surveys such as the CPS and NCES longitudinal studies are subject to sampling error and changes in definitions and study designs. For example, the income and race/ ethnicity data in the CPS suffer from small sample sizes and larger sampling errors than the estimates for the whole population. To address this limitation, we use three-year moving averages. As noted above, definitions of race/ethnicity have also changed over time. The NCES high school longitudinal studies have complex multi-level school and student sample designs and have cohorts starting in different grade levels, ranging from 8th to 12th grade. Caution is needed in interpreting the trend data in this report, especially with regard to conclusions that may be drawn from small changes. Equity Indicator 1a: How Do Cohort College Participation Rates for High School Leavers Vary by Family Income? Equity Indicator 1a shows the cohort college participation rate for recent school leavers (including individuals who did and did not complete high school) by family income quartile from 1970 to 2016.34 For all income groups, the cohort college participation rate has generally increased since 1980. The college participation rate for the lowest income quartile was relatively stable from 1970 to 1990 but has generally increased since 1990. In 2016, 78 percent of high school leavers from the highest family income quartile enrolled in college soon after leaving high school, compared with 46 percent of those in the lowest quartile. College participation rates for high school leavers from the lowest quartile increased from 32 percent in 1990 to 46 percent in 2016. Over the same period, the share of high school leavers from the highest income quartile who enrolled in college increased modestly from 75 percent in 1990 to 78 percent in 2016. Because of differential rates
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