등촌동수학 $50,500 $51,100 $51,100 $51,200 $51,500 $51,500 $52,400 $53,000 $53,900 $54,100 $54,700 $55,000 $55,600 $55,700 $55,700 $55,800 $57,000 $58,100 $59,600 $60,200 $60,600 $60,900 $61,300 $62,900 $63,500 $63,900 $64,100 $64,500 $66,300 $70,600 $71,300 $72,200 $73,400 $73,500 $75,600 $75,800 STS Figure 8e: Median household income by state: 2015 NOTE: The 2015 data includes householders of all ages. The data in Appendix Figure A-1 include only householders with a householder age 25 or older and hence the median is considerably higher: $72,135 compare with $55,800. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS), selected years, 2005 through 2015, retrieved January 24, 2017, from https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t. 28 2018 Equity Indicators Report The Before-Tax Income Gini Index for the United States was 0.48 in 2015 (STS Figure 8a). STS Figure 8f shows variation across states, with relatively greater inequality in Connecticut (0.50) and New York (0.51) than in Alaska (0.42), Wyoming (0.43), Utah (0.43), and Hawaii (0.43). According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), most developed European nations and Canada have Gini indices between 0.22 and 0.38. In contrast, the United States Gini index has been between about 0.45 and 0.48 since the mid-1990s.27 27 Pickett, K.E., et al. (2015). Income inequality and health: A causal review. Social Science & Medicine, 128, 316-326. United Health Federation website (accessed 2018) https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/2016-annual-report/measure/gini/state/ALL. The United Health Federation website cites research that investing in education is an effective strategy to reduce income disparity. Standard and Poor’s Rating Services estimates a 2.4 percent increase in GDP (equivalent to $525 billion) if the American workforce completed one more year of school over the next five years. Additional evidence-based policies for reducing income inequality recommended by Haas Institute for a Fair and Inclusive Society at UC Berkeley include increasing the minimum wage, building assets for working families and eliminating residential segregation. 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 Alaska Wyoming Utah Hawaii Nebraska Wisconsin New Hampshire Vermont Iowa Nevada Indiana South Dakota Delaware Maryland Idaho Minnesota Montana Washington West Virginia Colorado Maine Kansas Michigan Oregon Missouri Ohio North Dakota Oklahoma Virginia Arizona Pennsylvania South Carolina Kentucky Arkansas North Carolina Alabama Mississippi New Jersey Illinois New Mexico Georgia United States Tennessee Florida Rhode Island Texas Massachusetts California Louisiana Connecticut New York STS Figure 8f: Gini index by state: 2015 NOTE: The Gini index is a measure of income inequality ranging from 0 to 1.0, with 0 indicating complete equality (all households having an equal share of income) and one indicating complete inequality (one household having all the income and the rest having none). The 2016 Gini index for the U.S was 0.481. SOURCE: America’s Health Rankings analysis of U.S. Census Bureau, 2015 American Community Survey, United Health Foundation, AmericasHealthRankings.org (accessed 2018). Introduction: Setting The Stage 29 Equity Indicators 1 (a-i): Definitions Indicator 1 examines participation in postsecondary education by family income, race/ethnicity, parents’ socioeconomic status, and state. The data are from three major sources. The first is the cross-sectional annual data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey (CPS) series, which provides household-based national estimates and includes data on enrollment in any type of postsecondary institution. The second is the series of national high school longitudinal studies that have been conducted by the National
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