염창동수학 C., Trisi, D., Shermand, A., & Horton, E. (2017). A Guide to Statistics on Historical Trends in Income Inequity published by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. https:// www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/a-guide-to-statistics-on-historical-trends-in-income-inequality. 26 2018 Equity Indicators Report Range of Income. STS Figure 8d displays the average household income, government transfers, and taxes paid by income quintile. The quintile groups rank households by before-tax income, adjusted for household size. In 2013, the highest 20 percent of households had, on average, 8 times the yearly income as the lowest 20 percent. After-tax income ranged from an average of $24,500 for the lowest quintile to an average of $195,300 for the highest quintile. This disparity represents among the largest reported income inequality in the world.25 25 Pickett, K.E. & Wilkinson, R.G. (2015). Income inequality and health: A causal review. Social Science & Medicine, 128, 316-326; Wilkinson, R.G. & Pickett, K.E. (2006). Income inequality and population health: A review and explanation of the evidence. Social Science & Medicine, 62 (7), 1768-1784. Dorling, D. (2014). Inequality and the 1%. Verso, London. $0 $50 $100 $150 In Thousands $200 $250 $300 Highest Quintile Fourth Quintile Middle Quintile Second Quintile Lowest Quintile All Households $86,400 $80,100 $253,000 $69,700 $12,000 $195,300 $88,700 $15,000 $17,600 $86,100 $53,000 $16,700 $8,900 $60,800 $31,300 $16,200 $4,000 $43,400 $15,800 $9,600 $800 $24,500 $13,900 $20,100 Market Income Government Transfers Federal Taxes After-Tax Income STS Figure 8d: Average household income, transfers, and taxes by before-tax income quintiles: 2013 NOTE: Market income consists of labor income, business income, capital gains (profits realized from the sale of assets), capital income excluding capital gains, income received in retirement for past services, and other sources of income. Government transfers are cash payments and in-kind benefits from social insurance and other government assistance programs. Those transfers include payments and benefits from federal, state, and local governments. Federal taxes include individual income taxes, payroll taxes, corporate income taxes, and excise taxes. After-tax income is before-tax income minus federal taxes. Income groups are created by ranking households by before-tax income, adjusted for household size. Quintiles (fifths) contain equal numbers of people. SOURCE: Congressional Budget Office (2016, June). The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes 2013. Table 1. www.cbo.gov/publication/51361. Introduction: Setting The Stage 27 Differences in Income and Gini Coefficients by State. STS Figure 8e displays median household income by state and STS Figure 8f displays the Gini index by state. The data on median income by state are from the Census and are for all households in 2015.26 Median household income varies across states, and in 2015 ranged from less than $45,000 in Mississippi ($40,600), Arkansas ($42,000), and West Virginia ($42,000), to more than $70,000 in Massachusetts ($70,600), Connecticut ($71,300), New Jersey ($72,200), Alaska ($73,400), Hawaii ($73,500), the District of Columbia ($75,600), and Maryland ($75,800). 26 The historical national data from 1956 to 2016 in Appendix Figure A-1 are for householders over age 25, a group that has a higher median income. 0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 $70,000 $80,000 New Mexico Kentucky Alabama Mississippi Arkansas West Virginia Louisiana South Carolina Tennessee North Carolina Idaho Oklahoma Florida Montana Missouri Indiana Michigan Ohio Georgia Arizona Maine Nevada South Dakota Kansas Oregon Iowa Nebraska Wisconsin Pennsylvania United States Texas Vermont Rhode Island Illinois Wyoming North Dakota New York Delaware Utah Minnesota Colorado Washington California Virginia Massachusetts Connecticut New Jersey Alaska Hawaii District of Columbia Maryland $40,600 $42,000 $42,000 $44,800 $45,200 $45,400 $45,700 $47,200 $47,300 $47,800 $48,300 $48,600 $49,400 $49,500 $50,200
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