우장산동수학
Transfers include payments and benefits from federal, state, and local governments. After-tax income is before-tax income minus federal taxes. Federal taxes include individual income taxes, payroll taxes, corporate income taxes, and excise taxes SOURCE: Congressional Budget Office (June 2016). The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes, 2013. Figure 14. www.cbo.gov/publication/51361. 24 2018 Equity Indicators Report Rise in Share of Wealth Held by Top 1 Percent. STS Figure 8b, based on IRS reports compiled by Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman (2016),22 displays the share of wealth held by the top 1 percent and the top 0.5 percent of families in the U.S. from 1913 to 2012. The concentration of wealth is now approaching the high rates observed during the Great Depression in the late 1920s. After World War II until the late 1970s, the concentration of wealth declined. During the 1980s this trend reversed and has accelerated in the last two decades. In 2012, the top 1 percent held 42 percent of the wealth, up from 34 percent in 2000 and 24 percent in 1979. 22 Saez, E., & Zucman, G. (2016). Wealth inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from capitalized income tax data. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(2), 519-578. http://eml.berkeley.edu/~saez/SaezZucman2016QJE.pdf. Top 1% Top 5% 39% 35% 42% 44% 10% 0% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 STS Figure 8b: Share of total wealth held by the wealthiest families: 1913 to 2012 NOTE: This chart is based on IRS data. SOURCE: Saez, E., & Zucman, G. (2016). Wealth inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from capitalized income tax data. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(2), 519-578. http://eml.berkeley.edu/~saez/SaezZucman2016QJE.pdf. Introduction: Setting The Stage 25 STS Figure 8c considers the income and wealth available to different income groups. Using data from the CPS,23 STS Figure 8c(i) shows that, in 2015, the lowest household quintile had just 3 percent of total money income, the second quintile had 8 percent, the middle quintile had 14 percent, and the fourth quintile had 23 percent, while the highest quintile had 51 percent of the money income. Wealth is even more unevenly distributed than income. Using 2016 data from the Survey of Consumer Finance (SCF), STS Figure 8c(ii) shows that those in the top 10 percent in wealth held over 78 percent of the nation’s total wealth while the bottom 90 percent held 23 percent of the total wealth.24 23 Proctor, B.D., Semega, J.L., & Kollar, M.A. (2016). U. S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2016/demo/p60-256.html. 24 Data are from Bricker, J., et al. (2017). Changes in U.S. family finances from 2013 to 2016: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances, Survey of Consumer Finances 2017, Federal Reserve Bulletin, 103(3). https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/scf17.pdf. 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Wealth Top 10 Percent 78% Bottom 90 Percent 23% Fourth Quintile 23% Middle Quintile 14% Highest Quintile 51% Second Quintile 8% Lowest Quintile 3% Distribution of Income: 2015 Distribution of Wealth: 2016 STS Figure 8c(i) and 8c(ii): Distributions of money income (2015) and wealth (2016) in the United States NOTE: Data on income are from the yearly household Current Population Survey. Data on wealth are from the Federal Reserve’s triennial Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF). SOURCE: (8c(i)-Income data) Proctor, B.D., Semega, J.L., & Kollar, M.A. (2016). U. S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2015 and 2016, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Income and Poverty in the United States: 2015. https://www.census.gov/ library/publications/2016/demo/p60-256.html; (8c(ii)- Wealth data) Bricker, J., et al. (2017). Changes in U.S. Family Finances from 2013 to 2016: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances, Survey of Consumer Finances 2017, Federal Reserve Bulletin, vol. 103, no. 3, September. https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/scf17.pdf. Stone,카테고리 없음