상일동수학 maximum Pell Grant relative to average college costs? • What level of Pell Grant would be necessary to meet college costs? • What is the unmet need by family income? 4. Equity Indicator 4: How do students in the United States pay for college? • What share of higher education costs is paid by students and their families? • What is the net price of attendance by family income? 7 As U.S. state and international comparisons show, it is not only the absolute level of income that reduces well-being, but also the degree of income inequity that is manifest in the state or nation. See Kerry, B., Pickett, K.E. & Wilkinson, R. (2010, August). The spirit level: Why greater equality makes societies stronger. Child Poverty Insights, Social and Economic Policy, UNICEF Policy and Practice. http://www.unicef.org/social policy/files/Insights_August2010_ ENG%281%29.pdf. 8 2018 Equity Indicators Report • What is the percentage of family income needed to pay for college? • What percent of students borrow and how much do they borrow nationally and by state? 5. Equity Indicator 5: How do educational attainment rates and early outcomes vary by family characteristics? • How does dependent individuals’ bachelor’s degree attainment by age 24 vary by family income? • How does dependent students’ bachelor’s degree attainment within six years of entering college vary by family income? • How does the distribution of associate’s, bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees relative to the population differ by race/ethnicity? • Are there differences in post-baccalaureate enrollment and average income for recent graduates by family income? • How do degree attainment rates vary by state? 6. Equity Indicator 6: How does educational attainment in the U.S. compare with other countries? • What percentage of 25- to 34-year olds has completed a tertiary-type A degree (bachelor’s or higher)? • What percentage of 25- to 34-year olds has completed a tertiary-type A (bachelor’s or higher) or tertiary-type B degree (associate’s or higher)? Introduction: Setting The Stage 9 Before presenting the equity indicators, in this Setting the Stage (STS) chapter, we first present key data on the structure and context of postsecondary education in the United States.8 We review the number and percentage distribution of institutions and enrollment by institution level (2-year and 4-year), control (public, private nonprofit, and private for-profit), and selectivity. We also report the increase in the percentage of youth that is poor as measured by eligibility for the Federal Free or Reduced Price Lunch program and receipt of Pell or other Federal Grants. We also observe changes in the percent of students that are potentially first-generation to attend college. In this 2018 edition, we also describe trends in the distribution of income and wealth within the United States, and, throughout, we include attention to some differences by state. Institutional Type and Control. In 2015-16, there were 4,583 2-year and 4-year undergraduate degree-granting institutions in the United States; 34 percent were 2-year institutions and 66 percent were 4-year. There were also 2,524 non-degree granting institutions, of which 90 percent (n = 2,026) were private for-profit.9 STS Figure 1 illustrates trends in the numbers of 2- and 4-year degree-granting institutions in the United States from 1974-75 to 2015-16.10 The total number of 2- and 4-year degree-granting institutions declined from a peak of 4,726 in 2012-13 to 4,583 in 2015-16. Taking a longer view, the total number of degree-granting institutions (including branch campuses) increased from 3,004 in 1974-75 to 4,583 in 2015-16, an increase of 53 percent. The increases from 1974-75 to 2015-16 were 39 percent for 2-year institutions and 61 percent for 4-year institutions. 8 To distinguish the Setting the Stage (STS) figures from those of the Equity Indicators Figures, we use STS in front of each of the figures in this section. 9 This total excludes about 530 institutions that are not undergraduate degree-granting institutions but are specialized and graduate schools.
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