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is required to ensure that all youth have the 4 As Professor Diane Ravitch has noted, reformers and advocates from both the right and the left in the U.S. have identified issues around education as: “the civil rights issue of our times” http://dianeravitch.net/2015/06/01/the-civil-rights-issue-of-our-time-2/. Conversation about education as a civil right has been increasingly focused on higher education with such questions being included in the 2016 presidential debates. For example, when asked about the topic in a Democratic primary debate Presidential candidate B. Sanders stated, “I think what we need to do is say yes, higher education should be a right.” 5 Guinier, L. (2015). The Tyranny of the Meritocracy, Democratizing Higher Education in America, Beacon Press, Boston The insights of the Truman Commission foreshadow the more recent arguments that question the validity, justice, and utility for a democracy of our education system’s focus on measuring merit and ranking at every level. Guinier argues in the Tyranny of the Meritocracy, “The merit systems that dictate and justify the college admissions are functioning to select and privilege elite individuals” and exclude others rather than “creating learning communities geared to advance democratic societies.” 6 Especially in the final years of his life Dr. King increasingly spoke of the interrelationships between civil rights including education and the economic system, poverty, militarism, and racism. https://kairoscenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/King-quotes-2-page.pdf. If postsecondary education is necessary to obtain work that pays a living wage, then all individuals, regardless of family income, parents’ education, socioeconomic status, or other demographic characteristics, should have equal opportunity to participate, complete, and benefit. Introduction: Setting The Stage 7 opportunity to use their creative potential to realize the many benefits of higher education and advance the wellbeing and progress of the nation.7 The Equity Indicators Defining Equity of Higher Education Opportunity. We operationalize “equity” in terms of deviation from a distribution that would indicate “equal access to education.” For example, we observe differences across quartiles or quintiles of family income in the percentages of students entering college and receiving bachelor’s degrees. We also observe the extent to which the racial/ethnic distribution of the composition of the U.S. population differs from the racial/ethnic distribution of degree recipients. The equity indicators tracked in this report address the following fundamental questions: 1. Equity Indicator 1: Who enrolls in postsecondary education? • How do college continuation rates of high school leavers vary by family income? • How do college continuation rates of high school graduates vary by family income? • How do rates of postsecondary enrollment differ by race/ethnicity? • How do rates of postsecondary enrollment differ by race/ethnicity and family income? • How do the percentages of young adults that have not enrolled in postsecondary education within 8 to 10 years of expected high school graduation vary by parents’ socioeconomic status (SES)? • How do the rates of enrollment vary by first generation status? • What are the differences by state in estimated participation of low-income students in college? • How do rates of postsecondary enrollment differ by state? 2. Equity Indicator 2: What type of postsecondary educational institution do students attend? • How does the level of institution attended vary by family income? • How does the control of institution attended vary by family income? • How does the representation of low-income students vary by institutional level and control? • How does the selectivity of institution attended vary by family income? • How does the representation of low-income students vary by institutional selectivity? 3. Equity Indicator 3: Does financial aid eliminate the financial barriers to paying college costs? • What are the trends in cost of attendance nationally and by state? • What is the카테고리 없음