둔촌동수학 opportunity and outcomes. Focus on Inequities by Family Income. The 2015 Indicators report focused on equity in higher education based on measures of family income. Family income remains the primary focus of the 2018 report. Recognizing the need to also address inequity based on other interrelated demographic characteristics, reports since 2016 also include selected indicators that highlight differences by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES). In these reports, SES is measured by an index comprised of family income, parents’ education, and parents’ occupation developed by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Inclusion of State Data. For the first time, the 2018 Indicators report includes data describing higher education equity by U.S. state. Considering indicators of equity by state is essential given the many differences across the 50 states in historical, demographic, economic, and political characteristics, as well as the characteristics of their K-12 and higher education systems. FOREWORD Online Data Tool. To download the data files used to produce the figures in this report, find links to earlier reports, and access to the Search for Solutions Shared Dialogues Essays that periodically accompany the Indicators reports, please visit the Equity Indicators Website hosted by the Pell Institute: http://pellinstitute.org/indicators/ Methodological Issues. This Indicators report presents data as far back as comparable data warrant, often beginning with 1970. Methodological Appendix A provides additional notes, tables, and figures. The Search for Solutions Shared Dialogues Essays and Blog. In addition to providing longitudinal indicators of equity, the Indicators project is also intended to advance productive conversation about effective policies and practices for improving equity in higher education opportunity and outcomes. To this end, the 2015 to 2017 Indicators reports include essays intended to connect the indicators to current policy debates. In 2018, the Indicators project is launching the Improving Equity in Higher Education Search for Solutions Blog hosted by PennAHEAD (http://www.ahead-penn.org/) intended to further advance discussion of how to create meaningful improvements in higher education equity. The original stated mission of the U.S. Department of Education, as adopted under President Jimmy Carter in the late 1970s, reflected a civil rights focus. Simply stated the mission of the Department was to “ensure equal access to education.”1 This historical trend report series and the associated essays have drawn inspiration from this original mission statement and from a number of other historical statements concerning equal access to education. In this introduction to the 2018 report, we briefly review some of these articulations to highlight the current challenges pertaining to equity in higher education. The Dangers of a Higher Educational System that Functions to Sort Students. The forward to President Truman’s 1947 Commission on Higher Education called attention to the dangers of a higher education system that functioned not to provide opportunity but to sort students: If the ladder of educational opportunity rises high at the doors of some youth and scarcely rises at the doors of others, while at the same time formal education is made a prerequisite to occupational and social advance, then education may become the means, not of eliminating race and class distinctions, but of deepening and solidifying them.2 The data in this, as well as previous Indicators reports, show the persisting stratification of our nation’s higher education system. More progress is needed to achieve the goal of “equal access to education” within the higher education context. Higher Education as an International Human Right. Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights of the United Nations declares: Higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education.3 1 The
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