길동수학1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 6% First (Lowest) Quartile, 11% 11% Second Quartile, 20% 15% Third Quartile, 41% 40% Fourth (Highest) Quartile, 58% First (Lowest) Quartile Second Quartile Third Quartile Fourth (Highest) Quartile Estimates of Bachelor’s Degree Attainment by Age 24 for Dependent Family Members by Family Income Quartile: 1970 to 2016 The Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education conducts and disseminates research and policy analysis to encourage policymakers, educators, and the public to improve educational opportunities and outcomes of low-income, first-generation students, and students with disabilities. The Pell Institute is sponsored by the Council for Opportunity in Education (COE). The Pell Institute shares the mission of the Council to advance and defend the ideal of equal opportunity in postsecondary education. As such, the focus of the Council is to ensure that the least advantaged segments of the American population have a realistic chance to enter and graduate from a postsecondary institution. www.pellinstitute.org Alliance for Higher Education and Democracy, University of Pennsylvania (PennAHEAD) is dedicated to advancing higher education policy and practices that foster open, equitable, and democratic societies. Drawing on the intellectual resources of the University of Pennsylvania and a global alliance of higher education and academic leaders, Penn AHEAD achieves its mission by creating knowledge, improving practice, and building capacity. Through engagement with policymakers, institutional leaders, scholars, and practitioners, AHEAD produces research and applies research-based knowledge to address the most pressing issues pertaining to the public purposes of higher education in the U.S. and across the globe. www.ahead-penn.org CONTENTS 6 INTRODUCTION 10 SETTING THE STAGE What Are the Contexts for Examining Equity in Postsecondary Education in the United States? 30 EQUITY INDICATOR 1 Who Enrolls in Postsecondary Education? 54 EQUITY INDICATOR 2 What Type of Postsecondary Educational Institution Do Students Attend? 66 EQUITY INDICATOR 3 Does Financial Aid Eliminate the Financial Barriers to Paying College Costs? 80 EQUITY INDICATOR 4 How Do Students in the United States Pay for College? 96 EQUITY INDICATOR 5 How Do Educational Attainment Rates and Early Outcomes Vary by Family Characteristics? 122 EQUITY INDICATOR 6 How Does Educational Attainment in the U.S. Compare with Other Countries? 128 REFERENCES 137 APPENDIX A Additional Methodological Notes and Figures The 2018 Indicators of Higher Education Equity in the United States report is dedicated to Arnold Mitchem and Tom Mortenson. Without the work of these two individuals, the report would not have been possible. Both have dedicated their careers to creating greater equity in educational opportunity. By producing this 2018 volume and continuing the Equity of Postsecondary Opportunity Shared Dialogues, we honor the legacy of their work and the seeds they have sown for increasing equity of higher education opportunity in the United States. DEDICATION & SPONSORS SPECIAL DEDICATION ARNOLD MITCHEM & TOM MORTENSON SPECIAL THANKS FOR SUPPORT FROM: The Pell Institute and PennAHEAD thank the Travelers Foundation and Lumina Foundation for their financial support of the 2018 Indicators of Higher Education Equity in the United States Historical Trend Report and the accompanying Search for Solutions Shared Dialogues. While we heartily acknowledge their support, any errors of omission or interpretation and the opinions expressed in the report are the sole responsibility of the authors. This report represents an ongoing collaboration between the Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education of the Council for Opportunity in Education (COE) and the Alliance for Higher Education and Democracy at the University of Pennsylvania (PennAHEAD). We are most grateful for the contributions of many persons and organizations. We acknowledge first the teams of the U.S. government and contractor statisticians, data collectors, and data processors
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